Dictionary/ Terminology
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A
AAFCO: Association of American Feed Control Officials;
an organization which sets standards for pet food ingredients
and minimum daily requirements.
Acid: A fluid containing a high proportion of
hydrogen ions, giving the liquid a sour taste. Measured
by pH units, with 1 the most acid, and 14 the least acid.
Chemical reactions in the body have to take place at
or near neutrality, pH 7.
ACTH: Adrenocorticotropic hormone. A hormone,
secreted by the pituitary gland, which stimulates the
adrenal gland to work.
Active Immunity: Immunity produced when an animal's
own immune system reacts to a stimulus e.g., a virus
or bacteria, and produces antibodies and cells which
will protect it from the disease caused by the bacteria
or virus. Compare with 'passive immunity'.
Acute: Having a sudden and generally severe onset.
See also chronic.
Addisons disease, Addisonian: Addison's disease
is also known as hypoadrenocorticism. It is a disease
that results from a decrease in corticosteroid secretion
from the adrenal gland. See article: Addison's Disease
(Hypoadrenocorticism)
Adjuvant: A substance added to killed vaccines
to stimulate a better immune response by the body. Common
adjuvants contain aluminum compounds.
Adrenal Glands: Two small glands near the kidneys
that produce many hormones required for life.
Adrenergic: Communication between the nerves
and muscles that uses epinephrine as the messenger'.
Adrenergic stimulation is what is involved in the 'flight
or fight' response, which means the body is alerted to
a danger of some sort and prepares to basically run or
fight. Adrenergic stimulation results in an increased
heart rate, sweating, and increased blood pressure.
Adsorbent: Solid substance which attracts other
molecules to its surface.
Aerobic: Needing oxygen to live. See also anaerobic.
Agglutination: Clumping together.
Albino: An animal that is completely white because
it lacks the ability to make pigment. Its eyes are pale
blue or pink.
Alkaline: A substance with very few hydrogen
ions, and a pH over 7. Lye is strongly alkaline.
Alopecia: A loss of hair or baldness.
Allergen: Substance that causes an allergic reaction,
e.g., pollen.
Alveolar Sacs: The tiny microscopic areas of
the lung where the actual exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide into and out of the blood occurs. Also called
alveolus.
Aminoglycoside: A class of antibiotics which
act by interfering with bacterial protein synthesis within
the bacteria which results in the death of the bacteria.
Antibiotics in this class include gentamicin (Gentocin),
kanamycin, neomycin, streptomycin, tobramycin, and amikacin.
Many of these antibiotics are not well-absorbed from
the animal's digestive system, so are often administered
as injections, or used topically.
Amylase: Digestive enzyme, produced
by the pancreas which breaks down carbohydrates and starches.
Anabolic steroid: A type of steroid (not a corticosteroid
like prednisone, cortisone, or dexamethasone) which promotes
the building of tissues, like muscle.
Anaerobic bacteria: Bacteria which only
live in an environment in which there is no or little
oxygen, e.g. Clostridium tetani which causes tetanus.
Analgesia: pain relief.
Anamnestic response: The faster and greater
immune response produced by an animal who has previously
encountered that specific antigen. Memory cells are responsible
for this more efficient response. Also called 'secondary
response'.
Anaphylaxis, Anaphylactic shock, Anaphylactoid:
Anaphylaxis is a rare, life-threatening, immediate allergic
reaction to something ingested or injected. If untreated,
it results in shock, respiratory and cardiac failure,
and death. See article: Anaphylaxis
Androgen: hormone which produces male sexual
characteristics, e.g., testosterone
Anemia: A condition in which the number of red
blood cells present in the blood is lower than normal.
Angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitor:
Drug which decreases the function of this particular
enzyme. The angiotensin-converting-enzyme changes a compound
called angiotensin I to angiotensin II. Angiotensin II
is a potent blood vessel constrictor. ACE inhibitors,
then, have the effect of dilating blood vessels since
less Angiotensin II is produced.
Anorexia: Loss of appetite.
Anthelmintic: Medication which kills certain
types of intestinal worms; dewormer.
Antibody: Small disease-fighting proteins produced
by certain types of cells called 'B cells'. The proteins
are made in response to 'foreign' particles such as bacteria
or viruses. These antibodies bind with certain proteins
(antigens) on foreign particles like bacteria, to help
inactivate them. See also antigen.
Antibody Titer: A measurement of the amount
of antibodies in the blood. The test to measure antibodies
is usually performed by making a number of dilutions
of the blood and then measuring at what dilution there
is sufficient antibody to react in the test. For example,
a titer of 1:8 (one to eight) means the blood can be
diluted to one part blood and seven parts saline and
still produce a positive reaction in the test. The higher
the titer (1:16 is higher than 1:8), the more antibody
is present.
Anticholinergic: Stopping the communications
between certain nerves and muscles of the body including
those of the gastrointestinal tract and heart. These
nerves are called 'parasympathetic' nerves and do such
things as constrict the pupils of the eye, stimulate
contractions of the muscles in the intestine, and slow
the heart rate. Anticholinergic drugs would have the
effect, then, of dilating the pupil, slowing contractions
of the intestines and increasing the heart rate.
Anticholinesterase: a drug that blocks the enzyme
acetylcholinesterase; this results in stimulation of
the parasympathetic nervous system.
Anticoagulation: Stopping the blood clotting
process.
Anticonvulsant: A drug used to prevent or decrease
the severity of convulsions.
Antiemetic: An agent that decreases or stops
vomiting.
Antigen: A molecular structure on surfaces of
such particles as bacteria and viruses. This structure
is recognized by the body as 'foreign' and stimulates
the body to produce special proteins called antibodies
to inactivate this foreign invader. See also antibody.
Antiprotozoal: An agent that kills protozoa,
which are one-celled organisms such as Giardia.
Antipruritic: Relieves itching.
Antiseptic: A substance which inhibits the growth
of bacteria, but does kill them.
Antispasmodic: An agent that relieves or decreases
spasms in muscle. The muscle could include 'smooth muscle'
which is the type of muscle in intestines that causes
them to contract and move food through the digestive
system.
Antitussive: Cough suppressant.
Anuria: The condition of complete failure in
the function of the kidneys such that no urine is produced.
Aplastic anemia: A serious condition in
which red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
are not produced in sufficient quantity.
Aqueous humor: The fluid found within
the eyeball which provides nourishment to the interior
eye structures and keeps the eyeball inflated.
Arrhythmia: A variation from normal heart rhythm.
Articular: Pertaining to a joint.
Ascarid: Roundworm. See article: Roundworms
Ascites: Fluid accumulation in the abdomen.
Aspirate: Withdraw fluid or cells through the
use of suction - usually the suction produced by pulling
back on the plunger of a syringe attached to a needle
which is inserted into the area to be sampled.
Asymptomatic: A term used to decide a condition
in which no symptoms are present.
Ataxia: A lack of muscle coordination, usually
causing an abnormal or staggered gait.
Atopy: An allergy to something that is inhaled
such as pollen or house dust. Also called 'inhalant allergy'.
See articles in the Allergies section
ATP: Adenosine triphosphate; a compound used
for energy by cells
Atrium (plural atria): The two chambers of the
heart that receive blood. The right atrium receives blood
from the body. The left atrium receives oxygenated blood
from the lungs.
Atrial fibrillation/flutter: A heart condition
in which the atria (chambers of the heart that receive
the blood) contract rapidly, irregularly, and independently
of the ventricles (the chambers of the heart that pump
the blood). This greatly decreases the efficiency of
the heart and its ability to move blood.
Attenuated: Weakened. An attenuated virus is
one which has been changed such that it will no longer
cause disease. An attenuated virus would be used in a
modified live vaccine.
Autoimmune: Condition in which in the immune
system attacks the body's own tissues. To properly function,
the immune system must identify foreign substances such
as bacteria, viruses, parasites, slivers, etc., and it
must be able to distinguish normal body tissue from these
foreign substances. If it fails to distinguish the difference
it attempts to destroy the tissue it wrongly identifies
as foreign. For example, in autoimmune hemolytic anemia,
the body destroys its own red blood cells. In rheumatoid
arthritis it attacks the cells in the joints.
Axilla: Armpit.
Bacteriocidal: A description of an agent that
kills bacteria.
Bacteriostatic: A description of an agent that
stops the growth (reproduction) of bacteria, but does
NOT kill them.
B cell: Also called 'B lymphocyte'. The
type of lymphocyte which produces antibody. Compare with
'T cells'.
Benign: A mild illness or non-malignant form
of a tumor. Benign tumors usually have well defined edges
and tend to grow slowly.
Beta blockers: Heart medications which
block certain receptors in the heart called beta receptors.
The beta receptors receive signals which generally increase
the heart rate. If the heart rate is abnormally fast
and uneven, beta blockers will help stabilize the rate
and rhythm of contractions.
Beta-carotene: A plant pigment which can be converted
to Vitamin A by many animals, but not by cats.
Beta-lactamases: Enzymes produced by some bacteria
which inactivate certain types of penicillin thus making
the bacteria resistant to them.
Biopsy: Surgical removal of a small amount of
abnormal tissue, usually of tumors, for diagnosis.
Blepharospasm: Spasm of the eyelids often resulting
in complete closure of the lids due to eye pain, such
as seen with a scratch on the cornea.
Bloat: Filling of the stomach with air.
Blood glucose profile (curve): A graph of blood
glucose levels over time. At the time of insulin injection,
and at regular intervals throughout the day, the level
of glucose in the blood is determined through laboratory
testing.
Bone marrow suppression: A condition in which
the cells of the bone marrow which produce red blood
cells, white blood cells and platelets are inhibited.
This may result from the use of certain drugs, such as
anti-cancer agents.
Borborygmus: The sound of gas moving through
the intestine; bowel sounds.
Bradycardia: An abnormal slowing of the heart
rate.
Bronchiole: The small airways in the lung that
come off of the larger bronchus; bronchioles are 1 mm
or less in diameter.
Bronchodilator: Medication which opens up the
main air passages to the lungs.
Bronchospasm: Condition in which the muscles
surrounding the air passages to the lungs contract, narrowing
the passages.
BUN: Short for 'blood urea nitrogen', a blood
test that estimates kidney funtion.
Cachexia: Extreme weight loss.
Calcified: The hardening of tissue through the
influx of calcium, usually as a result of chronic inflammation.
Calculus/Calculi: Abnormal stone-like structure(s)
usually composed of mineral salts, e.g., a bladder calculus
is the same thing as a bladder stone.
Calorie: The unit of measurement of energy derived
from digested food. Fat contains about twice as many
calories per gram as protein or carbohydrate.
Cancer: Malignant tumor.
Candida: A certain genus of yeast which can cause
disease in humans and animals; an infection with Candida
is called candidiasis.
Carapace: The upper shell of a turtle or tortoise.
Carbohydrate: Compounds made up of chains of
sugar units. Simple carbohydrates include table sugar
(sucrose), milk sugar (lactose), and fruit sugar (fructose).
Complex carbohydrates are very long chains held together
by bonds that may not be digestible in the stomach and
intestine of a carnivore. Starch is a digestible complex
carbohydrate. Seed hulls such as oat bran are digestible
by ruminants and horses but not carnivores.
Carcinogen: A substance which causes cancer.
Cardiomyopathy: Diseases of the heart muscle;
does not include diseases of the valves of the heart
or congenital defects.
Carnivore: An animal whose natural diet includes
meat.
Carrier: Animal which harbors an infectious organism,
such as a virus, bacteria or parasite. The animal does
not appear ill but can still transmit the organism to
other animals by direct contact or releasing the organisms
(bacteria, protozoa, viruses) into the environment in
the stool, urine, respiratory secretions, or vaginal
discharges.
Cataract: A cloudiness of the lens of the eye,
reducing vision and giving the eye a pearly appearance.
Cecum: A blind sac that opens into the colon;
found in many animals.
Cell-mediated immunity: The immunity that is
the result of either special lymphocytes directly killing
the foreign invader, or lymphocytes (T cells) releasing
special chemicals which activate macrophages to kill
the invader. Compare with 'humoral immunity'.
Chelation: Binding of a substance to a metal.
Chronic: Of a long duration: a chronic illness
persists for weeks, months, or even for the life of animal.
See also acute.
Chronic superficial keratitis: A chronic condition
of the eye in which blood vessels grow across the cornea
(the clear surface of the eye). The cornea looks hazy
and sometimes reddened; it may eventually take on a dark
pigment. This condition is also called pannus.
Chondroprotective nutraceutical: A nutritional
supplement that protects cartilage.
Class I,II,III,IV medications: Drugs are classified
by the Drug Enforcement Administration of the Department
of Justice depending upon such criteria as the potential
for human abuse.
Cloaca: A common tube-like structure through
which feces, urine and reproductive fluids/eggs pass
in birds, turtles, and other lower vertebrates.
Clotting factors: Protein components in the blood
which help it to clot. Clotting is a complex mechanism.
In addition to platelets, clot formation is the result
of a long chain of chemical reactions carried out by
individual molecules called 'clotting factors'. Each
factor is numbered such that factor I leads to a reaction
with factor II forming a new substance. This then reacts
with factor III and so on to factor XII.
CNS: Central nervous system. Includes the brain,
spinal cord, and the nerves leading from them.
Coagulation: The process of clotting.
Coccidia: A one-celled parasite in the category
of protozoa. In dogs and cats, coccidia are generally
parasites of the intestinal tract. See article: Coccidia
Cognitive dysfunction: A common medical condition
in older dogs that results from abnormal brain function,
causing certain behavior changes such as disorientation,
housebreaking problems, and changes in sleeping patterns
and interactions with others.
Cold-blooded: Having a body temperature that
is not regulated internally, but varies with the environmental
temperature. Turtles, lizards and snakes are cold-blooded.
Colitis: An infection or inflammation of the
colon.
Colostrum: The antibody-rich first milk produced
immediately before and after giving birth.
Coma: Being in a state of unconsciousness.
Comedo: A blackhead, usually the result of a
plugged gland within the skin.
Conception: The onset of pregnancy, when the
fertilized egg attaches to the uterus.
Congenital: A characteristic of an animal that
is present at birth. It may be inherited or induced by
events that occur during pregnancy.
Corticosteroid: Hormones produced by the adrenal
gland which are important to almost every function of
cells and organs. They are divided into two groups: glucocorticoids
and mineralocorticoids. Glucocorticoids regulate protein,
carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Mineralocorticoids regulate
electrolyte balances.
Coumestan and coumestrol: Estrogen-like substances
produced by certain plants such as alfalfa; types of
phytoestrogen.
Crust: Area of fluid or cells on the skin. The
fluid may have been blood, serum, pus,or medication.
Culture: The process in which a sample of fluid
or tissue is taken from an animal and placed in special
media which allows the bacteria, virus, etc. to grow
(reproduce) in the laboratory.
Cyanosis: Bluish or grayish color to the skin
and gums which occurs when the animal has insufficient
oxygen.
Cyst: An abnormal sac-like structure that is
lined with cells which produce a liquid or thick material.
Cytokines: Compounds produced by certain cells,
which act as messengers to control the action of lymphocytes
and other cells in an immune response.
Cytoplasm: Substances which make up the inside
of a cell and surround the nucleus of the cell which
contains the genetic material.
DEA: Drug Enforcement Administration. The federal
agency which regulates the manufacture, dispensing, storage
and shipment of controlled substances including medications
with human abuse potential.
Dermatitis: An inflammation of the skin.
Dermatophyte: Fungus that causes ringworm; include
Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophtyon.
Descenting: The removal of the anal sacs of a
carnivore to prevent the animal from releasing the very
strong-smelling secretion.
Diabetes: A metabolic disease caused by failure
of the pancreas to produce insulin, a hormone that allows
blood sugar (glucose) to be taken up by cells that require
it for function.
Diestrus (also Diestrous): The stage of the estrus
cycle which occurs after the animal goes out of heat.
Dietary indiscretion: Eating what one shouldn't.
Dogs with dietary indiscretion eat garbage, dead fish
on shore, etc.
Digestibility: Expressed as a percent, is a measure
of the content of food that is retained in the body after
food is eaten. The difference between the weight of food
eaten and the weight of stool produced, divided by the
weight of the food.
Digitalis glycosides:Class of drugs including
digitoxin and digoxin, which are drugs derived from the
Digitalis purpurea plant, and used in the treatment of
congestive heart failure.
Dilated cardiomyopathy: A heart condition in
which the heart enlarges but the heart muscle becomes
thinner.
(Canine) Distemper: A viral disease that caused
a severe and often fatal systemic illness in dogs and
their close relatives. Distemper is also fatal in animals
such as raccoons, and mustelids including skunks, mink
and ferrets.
Diuretic: Agent which increases the secretion
of urine, ridding the body of excess fluid.
Domestic Animal: An animal that has been housed
and fed by man for generations and has little fear of
man as a result. Some domestic animals learn to depend
on human provision so completely that they have little
ability to survive if returned to a natural habitat.
Duration of immunity: Length of time an animal
is protected from a disease. Vaccines for some diseases
provide long durations of immunity (years), while vaccines
for some other diseases only provide immunity that lasts
for 6 months.
Dysplasia: An abnormal tissue development, common
in the bones of the canine.
Dystocia: Difficult birth.
Ear Canal: The tube that connects the external
ear with the ear drum.
Ear Drum: The membrane that divides the outer
ear from the inner ear, where the mechanism of hearing
takes place. The membrane prevents infection from reaching
the inner ear, as well as vibrating to amplify sounds.
Ear Mites: Small parasitic insects that live
in the ear canal of an animal, and that are able to survive
outside the ear for only very short periods of time.
Echocardiogram: The image produced by performing
an ultrasound examination of the heart.
Ectoparasite: A parasite that lives on the outside
surface or skin of another animal. Ectoparasites include
fleas, ticks, lice, and mange mites.
Ectopic: Non-malignant tissue growing in an unusual
location (e.g., an ectopic pregnancy is conception of
a normal embryo outside the normal location, which is
the uterus).
Edema: A condition in which the tissues of the
body contain too much body fluid. The fluid accumulation
may cause swelling in the affected area.
Electrocardiogram (EKG): A printout of an analysis
of the electrical activity in the heart.
Electrolyte: Chemically, an element when dissolved
in water, will cause the solution to transmit electricity.
In medicine, certain elements in the blood which are
critically important to life, including sodium, potassium,
chloride, calcium and phosphorous.
Electroretinography: The recording of electrical
changes in the retina of the eye in response to stimulation
by light.
Emesis: Vomiting.
Encephalopathy: Any degenerative disease of the
brain. Causes include liver disease resulting in build
up of toxic by products of metabolism, heavy metal (e.g.,
lead) poisoning, and loss of blood supply.
Endocrine: Pertaining to the secretion of hormones.
The endocrine system consists of various glands which
produce hormones.
Endoscope: A long flexible instrument which can
be passed into the body to view various structures through
the use of fiber optics.
Enteral feeding: A method to feed an animal in
which a tube is placed through the body wall into the
intestine, and a nutritious liquid is forced through
the tube into the intestine.
Enteritis: An inflammation of the intestines.
Enzymes: Enzymes are special proteins produced
by cells which cause chemical changes in other substances,
but which are not themselves changed in the process.
EPA: Environmental Protection Agency. The agency
of the federal government which licenses pesticides and
herbicides.
Epidermis: The top layer of the skin.
Epiphora: An overflow of tears upon the cheeks
due to a blockage or narrowing of the tear ducts.
Erosion: A shallow defect in the skin. When healed,
it will not cause a scar.
Erythema: Redness of the skin caused by blood
clogging in small blood vessels.
Esophageal reflux: a condition in which stomach
contents move backward into the esophagus, i.e., heartburn.
Estrogen: A female hormone produced by the ovaries,
which results in the onset of estrus.
Estrus: The time when a female animal is fertile
and receptive to the male. Also known as a heat period.
Exophthalmos: The abnormal outward protrusion
(bulging) of the eye.
Exotic: An animal not native to the geographical
area where it is living.
Extrahepatic: Outside of the liver.
FDA: Food and Drug Administration. The federal
agency which approves drugs and medications for use in
animals and people.
Fine needle aspirate: Suction is applied to a
hollow needle which has been inserted into tissue and
a core of the tissue is withdrawn to culture and/or examine
microscopically.
First generation: A description of medications
developed from an earlier form of the medication. First
generation medications were developed from the original
form of the drug; second generation medications are adaptations
of first generation drugs; third generation drugs are
adaptations of second generation, etc.
Flatulence: Increased stomach or intestinal gas.
Flea Dip: A solution made to kill fleas, applied
to an animal and not rinsed off, to allow it to have
residual action.
Follicle: The group of cells in the skin in which
hair develops.
Foreign body: Any abnormal substance within the
body. Examples include wood slivers, ingested cloth,
balls, glass in the feet, etc.
Free radical: Atom which carries an unpaired
electron; free radicals can potentially injure cells
and may be responsible for numerous age-related diseases.
Fungicide: A drug that kills fungi.
Gastritis: Inflammation of the stomach.
Gastrointestinal tract: Pertaining to the stomach
and intestines. The term 'digestive system' includes
the mouth, gastrointestinal tract, anus, pancreas, and
liver.
Gestation: Pregnancy.
Gingival: Relating to the gums.
Glipizide: An oral medication that can be used
to control blood glucose levels in some diabetic cats
who still have some insulin production.
Glucocorticoid: Hormones produced by the adrenal
gland which regulate protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism,
and are important to almost every function of cells and
organs. They also stabilize cell membranes which is an
important part of their function in treating allergic
reactions. Also called glucocorticosteroids.
Glucocorticosteroid: Hormones produced by the
adrenal gland which regulate protein, carbohydrate and
fat metabolism, and are important to almost every function
of cells and organs. They also stabilize cell membranes
which is an important part of their function in treating
allergic reactions. Also called glucocorticoids.
Glucosuria: glucose in the urine. (Also called
glycosuria)
Glycogen: A storage form of glucose in the body.
Glycosaminoglycans: Compounds which serve as
the building blocks of cartilage, which covers the ends
of bones within a joint. Glucosamine and chondroitin
are necessary for the body to make glycosaminoglycans.
Gram: A measure of weight. 28 grams = 1 oz, 454
grams = 1 lb.
Gram negative: A classification of bacteria based
upon their lack of retention of a certain stain in the
laboratory. The staining quality is based on the structure
of the cell wall surrounding the bacteria. This structure
of the cell wall influences which antibiotics will kill
the bacteria. This laboratory staining method was developed
by Hans Gram in 1884.
Gram positive: A classification of bacteria based
upon their uptake of a certain stain in the laboratory.
The staining quality is based on the structure of the
cell wall surrounding the bacteria. This structure of
the cell wall influences which antibiotics will kill
the bacteria. This laboratory staining method was developed
by Hans Gram in 1884.
Granuloma: The formation of a nodule as a result
of inflammation.
H2 antagonist: A compound which binds (attaches)
to the area on a cell at which histamine also binds.
By binding at the same site, the antagonist blocks
histamine from binding and prevents histamine from
producing it's effects, which include the production
of stomach acid.
Head pressing: Pressing the head against a
wall or other hard object.
Heart block: A condition in which the electrical
impulses of the heart are not properly conducted from
the atria (chambers which receive the blood) to the
ventricles (chambers which pump the blood).
Heartworm: A species of parasitic worm that
lives and reproduces in the chambers of the heart of
an animal. Microscopic, immature worms (microfilariae)
circulate in the blood and are taken in by mosquitoes
that bite the animal. Microfilariae mature in the mouthparts
of the mosquito and infect another susceptible animal
bitten by the same mosquito.
Heinz body anemia: A condition in which the
red blood cells are destroyed and this results in anemia.
The specific type of anemia is called 'Heinz body anemia'
because the red cells develop an abnormality called
a 'Heinz body' which can be seen under the microscope.
This anemia can occur as a reaction to certain medications
and also in cats who eat onions.
Hematocrit: See Packed cell volume.
Hematoma: A mass of blood within the tissues.
Generally the result of trauma to the blood vessels
or abnormal blood clotting.
Hemolytic: Causing the red blood cells to break
open.
Hemorrhage: To bleed excessively; may be the
result of injury or blood clotting abnormalities.
Hepatic: Pertaining to the liver.
Hepatitis: An inflammation or infection of
the liver.
Herbivore: Animal that eats primarily plants
and vegetation.
Hernia: The protrusion of an organ through
an abnormal opening.
High titer vaccine: A modified live vaccine
that contains a higher number of virus particles than
the 'average' vaccine. High titer vaccines can generally
elicit an immune system response in young animals who
have a maternal antibody level that would prevent them
from responding to an 'average' vaccine.
Histamine H2 receptor antagonist: A compound
which binds (attaches) to the area on a cell at which
histamine also binds. By binding at the same site,
the antagonist blocks histamine from binding and prevents
histamine from producing it's effects, which include
the production of stomach acid.
Hob: A male ferret.
Hormone: Chemical substance produced by one
part of the body which serves as a messenger to or
regulator of the processes of another part of the body.
Host: The organism in or on which a parasite
lives. For example, dogs and cats are hosts for fleas
and roundworms.
Humoral immunity: The immunity that is the
result of antibody production by B cells. Compare with
'cell-mediated immunity'.
Hybrid: An animal that has parents of two different
species, for instance, a mule's mother is a horse and
its father is a donkey.
Hyperglycemia: higher than normal blood glucose
level
Hyperkalemia: Increased level of potassium
in the blood.
Hyperpigmentation: An increased
dark color in the skin caused by the pigment "melanin".
Hyperplasia: An increase of the number of cells
within an organ.
Hyperplastic: Abnormal increase in the amount
of tissue, e.g., a hyperplastic ear would have increased
numbers of cells in the ear canal, sometimes to the
point of closing off the ear canal. In prostatic hyperplasia,
the prostate enlarges due to an increased number of
normal, not cancerous, cells.
Hyperreactive: Producing an exaggerated, or
greater than normal response to a stimulus.
Hypersensitive: A type of allergic condition
in which the body overreacts to a certain agent such
as a bee sting or medication.
Hyperthyroidism: A condition, more commonly
seen in cats, in which the thyroid gland produces too
much thyroid hormone. See article Hyperthyroidism in
Cats
Hyperventilate: An increase in the rate and/or
depth of respiration such that the body loses too much
carbon dioxide.
Hypoglycemia: lower than normal blood glucose
level
Hypokalemia: Lower than normal level of potassium
in the blood.
Hypoplasia: Inadequate or defective development
of tissue.
Hypothyroidism: A condition, more common in
dogs, in which the thyroid gland does not produce enough
thyroid hormone.
Hypovitaminosis A: A condition in which the
body suffers from a deficiency in Vitamin A.
Icterus: Commonly referred to as jaundice. A
yellowing of the tissues, usually as a result of abnormal
liver function.
Idiopathic: Of unknown cause.
Immune-mediated reaction or disease: A condition
or disease caused by abnormal activity of the immune
system in which the body's immune system either over-reacts
(e.g., immune-mediated contact dermatitis) or starts
attacking the body itself ( e.g., autoimmune hemolytic
anemia). See also autoimmune.
Immune system: The body's defense system which
recognizes infectious agents and other 'foreign' compounds
(such as pollen), and works to destroy them.
Immunity: A condition in which the animal's immune
system has been primed and is able to protect the body
from a disease-causing agent such as a certain virus
or bacteria. An animal could have immunity to one agent,
such as parvovirus, but not have immunity to another
agent, such as rabies.
Immunization: The process of rendering an animal
protected (immune) against a certain disease. Vaccination
is a way to produce immunization. However, just because
an animal has been vaccinated (received a vaccine) does
not necessarily mean the animal is immune. If the body
did not correctly react to the vaccine or if the vaccine
was defective, immunity would not occur. No vaccine produces
immunity in 100% of the population to which it was given.
'Vaccination' is not the same as 'immunization'.
Immunodeficiency: Reduced function of the immune
system of an animal, making it more susceptible to infectious
disease. Can be an inherited defect or caused by drugs,
radiation or viruses.
Immunostimulant: A compound which stimulates
the immune system to work more effectively to kill bacteria,
viruses or cancer cells.
Immunosuppressive: Something, for
instance a drug, hormone or virus, that reduces the function
of the immune system of an animal. An animal with reduced
function of its immune system is called "immunosuppressed".
Infestation: A term used to describe an invasion
of parasites.
Inflammation: A condition in which tissue reacts
to injury and undergoes changes during the healing process.
As an example, a toe with a sliver of wood in it would
be inflamed and show the signs of inflammation which
include redness, increased temperature, pain, swelling
and a loss of or disordered function. The toe is swollen,
red, hot, painful, and the animal is reluctant to walk
on that toe.
Inherited: A trait passed from one generation
to the next in the genes from each parent.
Innate: A permanent characteristic that is present
because of the genetic make-up of the animal.
Insulin: A hormone produced by the pancreas which
is necessary for glucose to be able to enter the cells
of the body and be used for energy.
Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM): A
form of diabetes in which so little insulin is produced
that supplemental insulin must be given for the animal
to live. Also called Type I diabetes mellitus.
Insulinoma: Insulin-producing tumor of the pancreas;
the increased production and blood level of insulin resulting
from these tumors can cause low blood sugar (hypoglycemia).
Insulin resistance: A condition in which the
blood glucose level remains higher than it should at
an insulin dosage of 2 units/pound of body weight per
day in cats.
Intermediate Host: In the life cycle of some
parasites, the immature form of the parasite must pass
through a different type of host (animal, insect, snail,
etc.), called the intermediate host, before it can re-enter
and infect the type of animal it came from. An example
would be heartworms. The adult worm lives in the dog
or cat. The immature form, laid by the adult heartworm,
is taken up by the mosquito. The immature form develops
within the mosquito, and is then reintroduced into another
dog or cat where it develops into the mature adult and
the cycle repeats itself. The intermediate host for heartworms,
then, is the mosquito.
Interstitial: Between parts or within the spaces
of tissue.
Intracellular: An action taking place within
a cell.
Intramuscular: Into the muscle (IM).
Intranasal: Into the nose.
Intravenous: Into a the blood stream via a vein.
Iris: The colored portion of the eye is called
the iris. As with humans, dogs' iris colors vary. In
the center of the iris is the black opening called the
pupil. This opening can be made larger or smaller by
muscles called ciliary bodies, that attach to the colored
iris, causing it to expand or contract.
Isoflavone: A estrogen-like substance
produced by pasture plants; a type of phytoestrogen.
Jaundice: The condition in which there is a build up
of waste products in the body called bilirubin. Bilirubin
is yellow in color, therefore an animal with jaundice
will have yellow gums, skin (often seen on the inside
flap of the ear), and a yellowish cast to the 'whites'
of the eyes. It can occur if a large number of red blood
cells are destroyed, the liver is not functioning normally,
or the bile ducts are blocked.
Jill: A female ferret.
KCS: See Keratoconjunctivitis sicca.
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca: Keratoconjunctivitis
sicca (KCS) is the technical term for a condition also
known as 'dry eye'. It occurs because of inadequate tear
production. Symptoms include a thick, yellowish discharge
from the eye.
Ketoacidosis: A life-threatenting condition in
which ketones, which result from the breakdown of fat
for energy, accumulate in the blood stream and the pH
of the blood decreases.
Killed vaccine: Vaccines which are made by taking
the real, disease-causing viruses (or bacteria), killing
them, and putting them into a liquid base. Compare with
'modified live vaccine' and 'recombinant vaccine'.
Kit: A baby ferret.
Lactating: Producing milk.
Large Intestine: The lower part of the intestinal
tract, usually made up of the colon, cecum and rectum.
Bacteria that live harmlessly in the large intestine
help to digest complex carbohydrates.
Larva: The worm-like offspring of an insect (plural
larvae).
Latent: A dormant stage of disease; the patient
is infected with an organism, but is not yet ill.
Leukopenia: A condition in which the numbers
of white blood cells in the blood are lower than normal.
Lichenification: Thickening and hardening of
the skin.
Lipase: Digestive enzyme, produced by the pancreas,
which breaks down fat.
Liver: The largest organ in the abdomen, responsible
for producing enzymes required for digestion of food,
and bile that helps to digest fat. The liver also detoxifies
the blood and may be damaged in the process.
Low passage vaccine: A low passage vaccine contains
virus particles which have been attenuated, or weakened,
less than those in the 'average' vaccine. Low passage
vaccines can generally elicit an immune system response
in young animals who have a maternal antibody level that
would prevent them from responding to an 'average' vaccine.
Lymph Nodes: Part of the immune system of an
animal. Small masses of tissue that contain white blood
cells called lymphocytes. Blood from the nearby area
is filtered through the lymph node allowing foreign or
infectious material to be recognized and destroyed if
possible.
Lymphocytes: The class of cells in the body which
are responsible for mounting an immune response. Two
main types are B cells and T cells
Lymphokines: Chemicals produced by T lymphocytes.
Some lymphokines signal macrophages and other phagocytes
to destroy foreign invaders.
Macrophage: A type of phagocyte (cell in the
body which 'eats' damaged cells and foreign substances
such as virus and bacteria).
Malabsorption/maldigestion syndrome: A condition
involving the intestine in which food may not be properly
digested or the nutrients not absorbed.
Malignant: A process that does harm to nearby
tissues. Usually synonymous with cancer, a tumor that
grows quickly and spreads into other tissues.
Malnutrition: Ill health due to dietary dificiency
or imbalance.
Mammary: Pertaining to the breast.
Mange: Any of several skin and ear conditions
caused by a variety of mites.
MAOI: See Monoamine oxidase inhibitor
Marsupial: an order of mammals including kangaroos,
opposums and sugar gliders in which the female has a
pouch on the abdomen which holds the young and has nipples
for the young to nurse.
Mast cell tumor: A nodular growth, usually on
the skin, which involves cells (mast cells) which contain
large amounts of histamine and normally play a role in
allergic reactions. All mast cell tumors in dogs should
be considered potentially malignant.
Mastitis: An infection or inflammation of the
mammary glands.
Maternal antibody: Antibody in a newborn
animal which the newborn acquired through the placenta
or colostrum (the first milk).
Meal: When referring to food ingredients, means
a ground-up preparation. Chicken meal is ground up chicken,
which might include bones and feathers. Meat meal means
ground up muscle meat.
Megacolon: A condition in which the colon enlarges
and dilates, which results in feces accumulating in the
colon. Constipation then occurs. This condition is more
common in cats than dogs.
Melena: Darkening of the stool due to the presence
of digested blood, which indicates bleeding is occurring
in the stomach and/or beginning of the small intestine.
The feces generally look black and tarry.
(Immunologic) Memory: When an animal mounts an
immune response against a foreign substance, some cells
are created to 'remember' the antigens on that substance.
If the animal is again exposed to the substance, these
cells will help the body respond much faster and to a
higher degree.
Metabolic acidosis: A condition in which the
pH of the blood is too acidic because of the production
of certain types of acids.
Metastasis: Spread of a tumor from it's original
location to a remote one, by tumor cells that are carried
in the blood.
Methemoglobinemia: A condition of the blood in
which there are large amounts of methemoglobin which
is an altered hemoglobin which does not carry oxygen.
Microfilaria: The larval form of some parasitic
worms, for example heartworms. These worms do not lay
eggs, they produce microfilariae instead.
Microfilaricide: Compound which kills microfilaria,
the immature forms of heartworms which circulate in the
blood.
Microorganism: A single-celled life form that
is invisible to the naked eye and that may cause disease
in man or animals.
Mineralocorticoids: Hormones produced by the
adrenal gland which regulate the amounts of sodium, potassium
and chloride in the blood.
Miticide: an agent that kills mites.
Mitochondria: parts of the cell which are responsible
for providing the cell with energy.
mL: Short for milliliter. A liquid measure, the
same volume as a cc. 28 mL = 1 liquid oz.
Modified live vaccine: Vaccines which are made
by taking the real, disease-causing virus and altering
(attenuating) it in a laboratory to a non-disease causing
virus. Compare with 'killed vaccine' and 'recombinant
vaccine'.
Monovalent vaccine: A vaccine that is manufactured
to stimulate the body to produce protection against only
one disease, e.g., rabies vaccine. Compare with 'multivalent
vaccine'.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI): substances
that inactivate the enzyme monoamine oxidase which regulates
certain transmitter chemicals between nerves. These compounds
include certain types of antidepressants and also insecticides
containing amitraz (such as Mitaban and Preventic collars).
Motility: movement, e.g., intestinal motility
is the muscular contractions of the intestines which
move the food from the stomach to the anus.
Mucolytic: breaks down mucous.
Mucopolysaccharide: A carbohydrate which also
contains a hexosamine molecule and is a component of
mucous.
Mucosa: See Mucous membranes.
Mucous membranes: Specialized membrane which
covers various passages and cavities exposed to the air
such as the mouth, nose, inner portion of the eyelids,
vagina. Examination of the mucous membranes can provide
important information: if they are dry the animal is
likely dehydrated; pale, and the animal may be anemic
or in shock; yellow, and the animal is said to jaundiced
due to accumulation of waste products which should be
eliminated by the liver.
Multivalent vaccine: A vaccine that combines
two or more components to stimulate the body to produce
protection against all the components. Most 'distemper'
vaccines for puppies are of the multivalent type, and
commonly include distemper, parvovirus, adenovirus cough,
hepatitis, and parainfluenza. Compare with 'monovalent'
vaccine.
Myasthenia gravis: Myasthenia gravis is a neuromuscular
disease in which there is a failure of the nerves' ability
to stimulate and control the actions of certain muscles.
See article: Myasthenia Gravis in Puppies
Mycosis: Disease caused by a fungus such as blastomycosis,
histoplasmosis and ringworm.
Mydriasis: Small pupil size.
Myelogram: Radiograph (x-ray) of the spinal cord
taken after a contrasting dye has been injected into
the space around the spinal cord.
Nebulize: Convert into a fine spray form.
Necrosis: The death and breakdown of cells.
Neoplasia: Abnormal growth and accumulation of
cells. Neoplasias may be benign or malignant.
Nephropathy: Abnormal functioning of the kidney.
Nephrotoxic: Destructive to kidney cells.
Neuropathy: Abnormal functioning of nerves.
Neurotransmitter: Chemical used as a messenger
from one nerve cell to another.
Neuter: Sterilization by surgical removal of
the testicles of a male animal.
Nocturnal: Animals that are active during the
night and sleep during the day.
Nodule: Solid bump or lump in the skin that is
over 1/3 inch in diameter.
Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
(NIDDM):
A type of diabetes mellitus in which although the blood
glucose levels are higher than normal, they are not immediately
life-threatening, and the animal can survive without
supplemental insulin. Also called Type II diabetes.
Nonpathogenic: Not causing disease. Some bacteria,
such as those that normally live in an animal's intestines,
are nonpathogenic.
Nonseptic: A condition not caused by an infection.
For example, septic arthritis is caused by an infection
with bacteria, yeast or other agent; a case of nonseptic
arthritis may be caused by injury or cancer.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories (NSAIDS): Agents
which reduce inflammation but are not in the class of
drugs known as steroids. Examples include aspirin, Rimadyl
and phenylbutazone.
Nutraceutical: A very broad term describing certain
components in food (plant or animal) or nutritional supplements,
which contain substances normally present in the body
that aid in the proper functioning of body systems.
Nutrient: Compounds in foods which are essential
for life. Nutrients include protein, fats, vitamins,
minerals, etc.
Nystagmus: constant involuntary movement of the
eye, often from side to side
Obligate Carnivore: An animal that requires in
its diet nutrients that are found in sufficient quantities
only in meat or other animal products.
Obsessive compulsive: A behavioral condition
in which a pet repeatedly performs an action out of context.
It is thought that the behavior is an expression of stress,
frustration and/or conflict. Certain breeds more prone
to these behaviors. The behaviors include tail-chasing,
some cases of excessive barking, continual licking, and
biting the air as if snapping at an invisible fly.
Offal: Animal organs rejected at slaughter as
unfit for human consumption, e.g. spleen, intestine,
brain, lungs.
Off label: Term used to describe the use of a
medication for a condition for which it was not FDA approved.
A large number of medications used in veterinary medicine
are used 'off label'. If veterinarians only used FDA
approved medications, options for treatments of certain
conditions would be severely limited or nonexistent.
The safety and efficacy of off-label uses of medications
is often determined in university research settings,
but the manufacturer of the drug does submit the results
or go through the elaborate FDA approval process.
Omnivore: Animal that eats both flesh and plants.
Opioid: Narcotic drug which has an activity similar
to that of opium.
Oral hypoglycemic agent: A medication, given
by mouth, which lowers the level of glucose in the blood.
Example: glipizide
Osmotic diuretic: A compound that increases the
amount of urine formed and rids the body of excess fluid
by being filtered through the kidney into the urine in
concentrated amounts and carrying water with it.
Otic: Pertaining to the ear.
Ototoxic: Destructive to the structures of the
ear.
Over the counter: Can be purchasd without a prescription,
like aspirin and vitamins.
Ovulate: The release of an egg from the ovary
of the female.
Packed cell volume (PCV, hematocrit): A laboratory
test to monitor relative number of red blood cells present
in the blood. A blood sample is placed in a tiny glass
tube and spun in a centrifuge. The cells are heavier
than the plasma and are compacted at one end of the tube.
After the tube is spun, it is examined and the packed
cell volume is determined as the percentage of the red
cellular portion relative to the total amount of blood
in the tube (i.e. remainder being the plasma). The normal
for dogs is 40-59 and cats is 29-50.
Palpation: To examine with the hands or fingers.
Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas, a
severe and sometimes life threatening disease often associated
with eating fatty foods. Symptoms include vomiting and
a painful abdomen.
Pannus: A chronic condition of the eye in which
blood vessels grow across the cornea (the clear surface
of the eye). The cornea looks hazy and sometimes reddened;
it may eventually take on a dark pigment. This condition
is also called chronic superficial keratitis.
Papule: Solid bump on the skin, less than 1/3
inch in diameter.
Parasympathetic nervous system: The portion of
the nervous system which stimulates the pancreas to produce
digestive enzymes and stimulates many of the smooth muscles
in the body including those of the stomach and intestine.
It also tends to slow the heart rate.
Parenterally: A term used to describe the administration
of a drug by means other than by mouth.
Parturition: act of giving birth.
Passive immunity: Immunity produced by providing
an animal with antibodies or immunologic cells from another
source, such as colostrum. Compare with 'active immunity'.
Pathogenic: Causing disease.
PCV: See Packed cell volume.
Pediculosis: An infestation of lice.
Penicillinase: An enzyme produced by some bacteria
which inactivates certain types of penicillin thus making
the bacteria resistant to them.
Perianal fistula: A deep infection around the
anus which often results in ulcers and deep draining
tracts, most commonly seen in German Shepherds.
Perineal: The area between the anus and the genital
organs.
Peritonitis: Inflammation of the lining of the
abdomen.
Phagocyte: Cell in the body which 'eats' damaged
cells and foreign substances such as virus and bacteria.
A macrophage is a type of phagocyte.
Photoperiod: The number of hours of light per
24-hour period.
Photosensitivity: A condition in which the skin
reacts abnormally to light, especially ultraviolet light
or sunlight. It is usually caused by the interaction
of light with certain chemicals in the skin such as antibiotics,
other medications, hormones or toxins.
Phytochemical: Substances in plants which affect
a body system and may promote health and decrease the
risk of a disease such as cancer.
Phystoestrogen: Substances which have an activity
similar to estrogens and are produced by plants.
Placebo: A substance which is given that has
no therapeutic value; often called a 'dummy pill' or
'sugar pill'. Often given to half of the patients in
a trial of a new drug, to better assess the effectiveness
of the new drug.
Plantigrade stance: Standing and walking with
the hocks on or almost touching the floor.
Plaque: A build-up of bacteria, saliva and food
on the teeth. See also 'Tartar'.
Plastron: The lower hard shell-like structure
which protects the abdomen of a turtle or tortoise.
Platelets: Cellular components found in the blood
which help clots to form. In the body, microscopically
small vessels often break in the normal course of events.
Platelets and a protein called fibrinogen 'plug' the
break in the vessel and prevent blood from leaking out.
Polyarthritis: Arthritis which involves two or
more joints.
Polydactyl: The presence of extra toes.
Polydipsia: excessive thirst resulting in excessive
drinking
Polyestrous: During one sexual season, continuing
to come into heat if not bred. Cats are polyestrous,
dogs are not.
Polyp: A small growth from mucous membranes such
as those lining the nasal cavity and intestinal tract.
Polyphagia: excessive ingestion of food
Polyuria: excessive urination
Post-operative: After surgery.
Proestrus (also Proestrous): The stage of the
estrus cycle, right before an animal comes into heat.
Progesterone: A hormone produced by the ovaries
which is responsible for the continuation of pregnancy.
Prolactin: Hormone secreted by the pituitary
gland that stimulates the growth of mammary tissue and
the production of milk.
Prolapsed Rectum: because of irritation or injury,
the inner part of the rectum is pushed out so that it
is visible as a pink mass protruding from the anal opening.
Prostaglandin: Several types of chemicals made
by cells which have specific functions such as controlling
body temperature, stimulating smooth muscle, and influencing
heat cycles.
Protease: Enzyme which breaks down protein.
Protozoans: Single-celled animals invisible to
the naked eye. Most are free living and a few are parasites
in animals or man.
Pruritis: Itching.
Pulmonary edema: Fluid accumulation in the lungs.
Pulmonary emboli/embolism: Blood clot that travels
to the blood vessels in the lung and obstructs them.
Pupa: A dormant form of an insect (plural pupae).
A larva spins a cocoon to protect itself, and becomes
a pupa. The pupa does not feed but gradually changes
form and becomes a new adult.
Pustule: Small elevated area on the skin filled
with pus.
Pyloroduodenal obstruction: An obstruction in
the area where the stomach and small intestine meet.
Pyoderma: An infection of the skin; usually the
result of a bacterial invasion.
Pyometra: An infection of the uterus.
Queen: A female cat used for breeding.
Queening: In cats, the act of giving
birth.
Rabies: A fatal virus disease of warm blooded
animals including man, that affects the brain and is
spread in the saliva of infected animals. Rabid animals
have a temperament change. Wild creatures become bold
enough to attack human beings, and docile domestic animals
may turn on their owners.
Reagent grade: a compound with the purity and
quality that allows it to be used in a laboratory
Recombinant vaccine: There are certain antigens
on viruses and bacteria which are better at stimulating
an antibody response by the animal than others. The genes
for these antigens can be isolated, and made to produce
large quantities of the antigens they code for. A recombinant
vaccine contains these antigens, not the whole organism.
Compare with 'modified live vaccine' and 'killed vaccine'.
Reflex ovulator: Only ovulating after being bred.
Cats are reflex ovulators, dogs are not.
Regulation: Using insulin to maintain the blood
glucose level of an animal within the acceptable range.
Resistance: A term used to describe bacteria
which have mutated or changed so they are not affected
by an antibiotic that previously killed them or slowed
their growth. As more bacteria become resistant to various
antibiotics, there are fewer antibiotics which will have
an affect on them, thus newer and stronger antibiotics
will need to be developed. Inappropriate use of antibiotics
(using them too often, for too short a duration or in
insufficient dose) may promote the development of resistance.
Resorption: In pregnancy, a condition in which
the fetus dies, and instead of being aborted, the fetal
tissue dissolves within the uterus and is absorbed by
the mother. The mother will show no outward signs of
a fetal resorption.
Respiratory depression: Decrease in the rate
or depth of respiration.
Retina: The rear interior surface
of the eyeball is called the retina. The retina contains
nerve cells referred to as rods and cones. The rods are
sensitive to light and the cones to color. The retina receives
the light and color and converts them into nerve impulses
which go to the brain.
Scale: Accumulation of loose fragments of the
top layer of the skin.
Sclerosis: A hardening of tissue, usually the
result of chronic inflammation.
Scute: In turtles and tortoises, the plates which
cover the bony portion of the shell. In snakes, the larger,
thicker scales on the underside of the body which provide
support, protection and traction.
Sebaceous adenitis: Inflammation of a sebaceous
(oil-producing) gland. In dogs, sebaceous glands are
found on the top of the tail near its base, and at the
junction of mucous membranes with skin. In cats, these
glands are found on the chin, lip margins and the top
of the tail.
Sebaceous gland: A gland in the skin which produces
an oily substance.
Secondary infection: Infection which occurs because
the tissue and its natural defenses have been damaged
by another condition.
Secondary response: The faster and greater immune
response produced by an animal who has previously encountered
that specific antigen. Memory cells are responsible for
this more efficient response. Also called 'anamnestic
response'.
Second generation: A description of medications
developed from an earlier form of the medication. First
generation medications were developed from the original
form of the drug; second generation medications are adaptations
of first generation drugs; third generation drugs are
adaptations of second generation, etc.
Seizure threshold: the level of stimulation at
which a seizure is produced. Raising the seizure threshold
makes it less likely a seizure will occur.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs):
Medications which slow down the ability of nerve cells
to absorb serotonin, a neurotransmitter (chemical that
serves as a messenger between n | 